SGI Developer Toolbox 6.1/SGI Developer Toolbox 6.1 - Disc 4.iso/public/GNU/emacs.inst/emacs19.idb/usr/gnu/info/emacs-14.z/emacs-14

GNU Info File | 1994-08-02 | 48.8 KB | 1,255 lines

This is Info file ../info/emacs, produced by Makeinfo-1.54 from the
input file emacs.texi.


File: emacs,  Node: Dired Updating,  Next: Dired and Find,  Prev: Hiding Subdirectories,  Up: Dired

Updating the Dired Buffer
=========================

   This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect
outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete
part of the Dired buffer.

`g'
     Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (`revert-buffer').

`l'
     Update the specified files (`dired-do-redisplay').

`k'
     Delete the specified *file lines*--not the files, just the lines
     (`dired-do-kill-lines').

   Type `g' (`revert-buffer') to update the contents of the Dired
buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed.  This
preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished.
Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.

   To update only some of the files, type `l' (`dired-do-redisplay').
This command applies to the next N files, or to the marked files if
any, or to the current file.  Updating them means reading their current
status from the file system and changing the buffer to reflect it
properly.

   If you use `l' on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
contents of the corresponding subdirectory.

   To delete the specified *file lines*--not the files, just the
lines--type `k' (`dired-do-kill-lines').  This command applies to the
next N files, or to the marked files if any, or to the current file.

   If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's
contents are also deleted from the buffer.  Typing `C-u k' on the
header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory
from the Dired buffer.

   The `g' command brings back any individual lines that you have
killed in this way, but not subdirectories--you must use `i' to
reinsert each subdirectory.


File: emacs,  Node: Dired and Find,  Prev: Dired Updating,  Up: Dired

Dired and `find'
================

   You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
flexibly by using the `find' utility to choose the files.

   To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use `M-x
find-name-dired'.  It reads arguments DIRECTORY and PATTERN, and
chooses all the files in DIRECTORY or its subdirectories whose
individual names match PATTERN.

   The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the
ordinary Dired commands are available.

   If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
use `M-x find-grep-dired'.  This command reads two minibuffer
arguments, DIRECTORY and REGEXP; it chooses all the files in DIRECTORY
or its subdirectories that contain a match for REGEXP.  It works by
running the programs `find' and `grep'.

   The most general command in this series is `M-x find-dired', which
lets you specify any condition that `find' can test.  It takes two
minibuffer arguments, DIRECTORY and FIND-ARGS; it runs `find' in
DIRECTORY, passing FIND-ARGS to tell `find' what condition to test.  To
use this command, you need to know how to use `find'.


File: emacs,  Node: Calendar/Diary,  Next: GNUS,  Prev: Dired,  Up: Top

The Calendar and the Diary
**************************

   Emacs provides the functions of a desk calendar, with a diary of
planned or past events.  To enter the calendar, type `M-x calendar';
this displays a three-month calendar centered on the current month, with
point on the current date.  If you use prefix argument as in `C-u M-x
calendar', it prompts you for the month and year to be the center of
the three-month calendar.  The calendar uses its own buffer and the
major mode is Calendar mode.

   To exit the calendar, type `q'.

* Menu:

* Calendar Motion::       Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
* Scroll Calendar::       Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days::         How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar::      Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
* Holidays::              Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset::        Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases::          Displaying phases of the moon.
* Other Calendars::       Converting dates to other calendar systems.
* Diary::                 Displaying events from your diary.
* Appointments::      Reminders when it's time to do something.
* Daylight Savings::      How to specify when daylight savings time is active.


File: emacs,  Node: Calendar Motion,  Next: Scroll Calendar,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Movement in the Calendar
========================

   Calendar mode lets you move in logical units of time such as days,
weeks, months, and years.  If you move outside the three months
originally displayed, the calendar display scrolls automatically through
time.  Moving to a date lets you view its holidays or diary entries,
convert it to other calendars; moving longer time periods is useful
simply to scroll the calendar.

* Menu:

* Calendar Unit Motion::       Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
* Move to Beginning or End::   Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and
                                 years.
* Specified Dates::            Moving to the current date or another
                                 specific date.


File: emacs,  Node: Calendar Unit Motion,  Next: Move to Beginning or End,  Up: Calendar Motion

Motion by Integral Days, Weeks, Months, Years
---------------------------------------------

   The commands for movement in the calendar buffer parallel the
commands for movement in text.  You can move forward and backward by
days, weeks, months, and years.

`C-f'
     Move point one day forward (`calendar-forward-day').

`C-b'
     Move point one day backward (`calendar-backward-day').

`C-n'
     Move point one week forward (`calendar-forward-week').

`C-p'
     Move point one week backward (`calendar-backward-week').

`M-}'
     Move point one month forward (`calendar-forward-month').

`M-{'
     Move point one month backward (`calendar-backward-month').

`C-x ]'
     Move point one year forward (`calendar-forward-year').

`C-x ['
     Move point one year backward (`calendar-forward-year').

   The day and week commands are natural analogues of the usual Emacs
commands for moving by characters and by lines.  Just as `C-n' usually
moves to the same column in the following line, in Calendar mode it
moves to the same day in the following week.  And `C-p' moves to the
same day in the previous week.

   The arrow keys are equivalent to `C-f', `C-b', `C-n' and `C-p', just
as they normally are in other modes.

   The commands for motion by months and years work like those for
weeks, but move a larger distance.  The month commands `M-}' and `M-{'
move forward or backward by an entire month's time.  The year commands
`C-x ]' and `C-x [' move forward or backward a whole year.

   The easiest way to remember these commands is to consider months and
years analogous to paragraphs and pages of text, respectively.  But the
commands themselves are not quite analogous.  The ordinary Emacs
paragraph commands move to the beginning or end of a paragraph, whereas
these month and year commands move by an entire month or an entire
year, which usually involves skipping across the end of a month or year.

   All these commands accept a numeric argument as a repeat count.  For
convenience, the digit keys and the minus sign specify numeric
arguments in Calendar mode even without the Meta modifier.  For example,
`100 C-f' moves point 100 days forward from its present location.


File: emacs,  Node: Move to Beginning or End,  Next: Specified Dates,  Prev: Calendar Unit Motion,  Up: Calendar Motion

Beginning or End of Week, Month or Year
---------------------------------------

   A week (or month, or year) is not just a quantity of days; we think
of new weeks (months, years) as starting on particular days.  So
Calendar mode provides commands to move to the beginning or end of a
week, month or year:

`C-a'
     Move point to beginning of week (`calendar-beginning-of-week').

`C-e'
     Move point to end of week (`calendar-end-of-week').

`M-a'
     Move point to beginning of month (`calendar-beginning-of-month').

`M-e'
     Move point to end of month (`calendar-end-of-month').

`M-<'
     Move point to beginning of year (`calendar-beginning-of-year').

`M->'
     Move point to end of year (`calendar-end-of-year').

   These commands also take numeric arguments as repeat counts, with the
repeat count indicating how many weeks, months, or years to move
backward or forward.

   By default, weeks begin on Sunday.  To make them begin on Monday
instead, set the variable `calendar-week-start-day' to 1.


File: emacs,  Node: Specified Dates,  Prev: Move to Beginning or End,  Up: Calendar Motion

Particular Dates
----------------

   Calendar mode provides commands for getting to a particular date
specified absolutely.

`g d'
     Move point to specified date (`calendar-goto-date').

`o'
     Center calendar around specified month (`calendar-other-month').

`.'
     Move point to today's date (`calendar-current-month').

   `g d' (`calendar-goto-date') prompts for a year, a month, and a day
of the month, and then moves to that date.  Because the calendar
includes all dates from the beginning of the current era, you must type
the year in its entirety; that is, type `1990', not `90'.

   `o' (`calendar-other-month') prompts for a month and year, then
centers the three-month calendar around that month.

   You can return to today's date with `.' (`calendar-current-month').


File: emacs,  Node: Scroll Calendar,  Next: Counting Days,  Prev: Calendar Motion,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Scrolling in the Calendar
=========================

   The calendar display scrolls automatically through time when you
move out of the visible portion.  You can also scroll it manually.
Imagine that the calendar window contains a long strip of paper with
the months on it.  Scrolling it means moving the strip so that new
months become visible in the window.

`C-x <'
     Scroll calendar one month forward (`scroll-calendar-left').

`C-x >'
     Scroll calendar one month backward (`scroll-calendar-right').

`C-v'
`NEXT'
     Scroll calendar three months forward
     (`scroll-calendar-left-three-months').

`M-v'
`PRIOR'
     Scroll calendar three months backward
     (`scroll-calendar-right-three-months').

`SPC'
     Scroll the next window (`scroll-other-window').

   The most basic calendar scroll commands scroll by one month at a
time.  This means that there are two months of overlap between the
display before the command and the display after.  `C-x <' scrolls the
calendar contents one month to the left; that is, it moves the display
forward in time.  `C-x >' scrolls the contents to the right, which
moves backwards in time.

   The commands `C-v' and `M-v' scroll the calendar by an entire
"screenful"--three months--in analogy with the usual meaning of these
commands.  `C-v' makes later dates visible and `M-v' makes earlier
dates visible.  These commands take a numeric argument as a repeat
count; in particular, since `C-u' (`universal-argument') multiplies the
next command by four, typing `C-u C-v' scrolls the calendar forward by
a year and typing `C-u M-v' scrolls the calendar backward by a year.

   The function keys NEXT and PRIOR are equivalent to `C-v' and `M-v',
just as they are in other modes.

   In Calendar mode, you can use `SPC' (`scroll-other-window') to
scroll the other window.  This is handy when you display a list of
holidays or diary entries in another window.


File: emacs,  Node: Counting Days,  Next: General Calendar,  Prev: Scroll Calendar,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Counting Days
=============

`M-='
     Display the number of days in the current region
     (`calendar-count-days-region').

   To determine the number of days in the region, type `M-='
(`calendar-count-days-region').  The numbers of days printed is
*inclusive*; that is, it includes the days specified by mark and point.


File: emacs,  Node: General Calendar,  Next: Holidays,  Prev: Counting Days,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Miscellaneous Calendar Commands
===============================

`p d'
     Display day-in-year (`calendar-print-day-of-year').

`C-c C-l'
     Regenerate the calendar window (`redraw-calendar').

`q'
     Exit from calendar (`exit-calendar').

   To print the number of days elapsed since the start of the year, or
the number of days remaining in the year, type the `p d' command
(`calendar-print-day-of-year').  This displays both of those numbers in
the echo area.  The number of days elapsed includes the selected date.
The number of days remaining does not include that date.

   If the calendar window gets corrupted, type `C-c C-l'
(`redraw-calendar') to redraw it.

   To exit from the calendar, type `q' (`exit-calendar').  This buries
all buffers related to the calendar and returns the window display to
what it was when you entered the calendar.


File: emacs,  Node: Holidays,  Next: Sunrise/Sunset,  Prev: General Calendar,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Holidays
========

   The Emacs calendar knows about all major and many minor holidays,
and can display them.

`h'
     Display holidays for the selected date
     (`calendar-cursor-holidays').

`x'
     Mark holidays in the calendar window (`mark-calendar-holidays').

`u'
     Unmark calendar window (`calendar-unmark').

`a'
     List all holidays for the displayed three months in another window
     (`list-calendar-holidays').

`M-x holidays'
     List all holidays for three months around today's date in another
     window.

   To see if any holidays fall on a given date, position point on that
date in the calendar window and use the `h' command.  This names the
holidays for that date, in the echo area if they fit there, otherwise
in a separate window.

   To find the distribution of holidays for a wider period, use the `x'
command.  This displays a `*' after each date on which a holiday falls.
The command applies both to the currently visible months and to other
months that subsequently become visible by scrolling.  To turn marking
off and erase the current marks, type `u', which also erases any diary
marks (*note Diary::.).

   To get even more detailed information, use the `a' command, which
displays a separate buffer containing a list of all holidays in the
current three-month range.

   The command `M-x holidays' displays the list of holidays for the
current month and the preceding and succeeding months; this works even
if you don't have a calendar window.  If you want the list of holidays
centered around a different month, use `C-u M-x holidays', which
prompts for the month and year.

   The holidays known to Emacs include American holidays and the major
Christian, Jewish, and Islamic holidays; when floating point is
available, the calendar also knows about solstices and equinoxes.

   The dates used by Emacs for holidays are based on *current
practice*, not historical fact.  Historically, for instance, the start
of daylight savings time and even its existence have varied from year to
year, but present American law mandates that daylight savings time
begins on the first Sunday in April.  In an American locale, Emacs
always uses this definition, even though it is wrong for some prior
years.


File: emacs,  Node: Sunrise/Sunset,  Next: Lunar Phases,  Prev: Holidays,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Times of Sunrise and Sunset
===========================

   Emacs can tell you, to within a minute or two, the times of sunrise
and sunset for any date, if floating point is available.

`S'
     Display times of sunrise and sunset for the selected date
     (`calendar-sunrise-sunset').

`M-x sunrise-sunset'
     Display times of sunrise and sunset for today's date.

`C-u M-x sunrise-sunset'
     Display times of sunrise and sunset for a specified date.

   Within the calendar, to display the *local times* of sunrise and
sunset in the echo area, move point to the date you want, and type `S'.

   The command `M-x sunrise-sunset' is available outside the calendar
to print this information for today's date or a specified date.  To
specify a date other than today, use `C-u M-x sunrise-sunset', which
prompts for the year, month, and day.

   Because the times of sunrise and sunset depend on the location on
earth, you need to tell Emacs your latitude, longitude, and location
name before using these commands.  Here is an example of what to set:

     (setq calendar-latitude 40.1)
     (setq calendar-longitude -88.2)
     (setq calendar-location-name "Urbana, IL")

Use one decimal place in the values of `calendar-latitude' and
`calendar-longitude'.

   Your time zone also affects the local time of sunrise and sunset.
Emacs usually gets this information from the operating system, but if
these values are not what you want (or if the operating system does not
supply them), you must set them yourself.  Here is an example:

     (setq calendar-time-zone -360)
     (setq calendar-standard-time-zone-name "CST")
     (setq calendar-daylight-time-zone-name "CDT")

The value of `calendar-time-zone' is the number of minutes difference
between your local standard time and Coordinated Universal Time
(Greenwich time).  The values of `calendar-standard-time-zone-name' and
`calendar-daylight-time-zone-name' are the abbreviations used in your
time zone.

   Emacs displays the times of sunrise and sunset *corrected for
daylight savings time*.  *Note Daylight Savings::, for how daylight
savings time is determined.

   You can display the times of sunrise and sunset for any location and
any date with `C-u C-u M-x sunrise-sunset'.  This asks you for a
longitude, latitude, number of minutes difference from Coordinated
Universal Time, and date, and then tells you the times of sunrise and
sunset for that location on that date.


File: emacs,  Node: Lunar Phases,  Next: Other Calendars,  Prev: Sunrise/Sunset,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Phases of the Moon
==================

   Emacs can tell you the dates and times of the phases of the moon (new
moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter), if floating point is
available.  This feature is useful for debugging problems that "depend
on the phase of the moon."

`M'
     Display the dates and times for all the quarters of the moon for
     the three-month period shown (`calendar-phases-of-moon').

`M-x phases-of-moon'
     Display dates and times of the quarters of the moon for three
     months around today's date.

   Within the calendar, use the `M' command to display a separate
buffer of the phases of the moon for the current three-month range.  The
dates and times listed are accurate to within a few minutes.

   Outside the calendar, use the command `M-x phases-of-moon' to
display the list of the phases of the moon for the current month and the
preceding and succeeding months.  For information about a different
month, use `C-u M-x phases-of-moon', which prompts for the month and
year.

   The dates and times given for the phases of the moon are given in
local time (corrected for daylight savings, when appropriate); but if
the variable `calendar-time-zone' is void, Coordinated Universal Time
(the Greenwich time zone) is used.  *Note Daylight Savings::.


File: emacs,  Node: Other Calendars,  Next: Diary,  Prev: Lunar Phases,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Conversion To and From Other Calendars
======================================

   The Emacs calendar displayed is *always* the Gregorian calendar,
sometimes called the "new style" calendar, which is used in most of the
world today.  However, this calendar did not exist before the sixteenth
century and was not widely used before the eighteenth century; it did
not fully displace the Julian calendar and gain universal acceptance
until the early twentieth century.  The Emacs calendar can display any
month since January, year 1 of the current era, but the calendar
displayed is the Gregorian, even for a date at which the Gregorian
calendar did not exist.

   While Emacs cannot display other calendars, it can convert dates to
and from several other calendars.

* Menu:

* Calendar Systems::      The calendars Emacs understands
                (aside from Gregorian).
* To Other Calendar::     Converting the selected date to various calendars.
* From Other Calendar::   Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
* Mayan Calendar::      Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.


File: emacs,  Node: Calendar Systems,  Next: To Other Calendar,  Up: Other Calendars

Supported Calendar Systems
--------------------------

   The ISO commercial calendar is used largely in Europe.

   The Julian calendar, named after Julius Caesar, was the one used in
Europe throughout medieval times, and in many countries up until the
nineteenth century.

   Astronomers use a simple counting of days elapsed since noon, Monday,
January 1, 4713 B.C. on the Julian calendar.  The number of days elapsed
is called the *Julian day number* or the *Astronomical day number*.

   The Hebrew calendar is the one used to determine the dates of Jewish
holidays.  Hebrew calendar dates begin and end at sunset.

   The Islamic (Moslem) calendar is the one used to determine the dates
of Moslem holidays.  There is no universal agreement in the Islamic
world about the calendar; Emacs uses a widely accepted version, but the
precise dates of Islamic holidays often depend on proclamation by
religious authorities, not on calculations.  As a consequence, the
actual dates of occurrence can vary slightly from the dates computed by
Emacs.  Islamic calendar dates begin and end at sunset.

   The French Revolutionary calendar was created by the Jacobins after
the 1789 revolution, to represent a more secular and nature-based view
of the annual cycle, and to install a 10-day week in a rationalization
measure similar to the metric system.  The French government officially
abandoned this calendar at the end of 1805.

   The Maya of Central America used three separate, overlapping calendar
systems, the *long count*, the *tzolkin*, and the *haab*.  Emacs knows
about all three of these calendars.  Experts dispute the exact
correlation between the Mayan calendar and our calendar; Emacs uses the
Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation in its calculations.


File: emacs,  Node: To Other Calendar,  Next: From Other Calendar,  Prev: Calendar Systems,  Up: Other Calendars

Converting To Other Calendars
-----------------------------

   The following commands describe the selected date (the date at point)
in various other calendar systems:

`p c'
     Display ISO commercial calendar equivalent for selected day
     (`calendar-print-iso-date').

`p j'
     Display Julian date for selected day
     (`calendar-print-julian-date').

`p a'
     Display astronomical (Julian) day number for selected day
     (`calendar-print-astro-day-number').

`p h'
     Display Hebrew date for selected day
     (`calendar-print-hebrew-date').

`p i'
     Display Islamic date for selected day
     (`calendar-print-islamic-date').

`p f'
     Display French Revolutionary date for selected day
     (`calendar-print-french-date').

`p m'
     Display Mayan date for selected day (`calendar-print-mayan-date').

   Put point on the desired date of the Gregorian calendar, then type
the appropriate keys.  The `p' is a mnemonic for "print" since Emacs
"prints" the equivalent date in the echo area.


File: emacs,  Node: From Other Calendar,  Next: Mayan Calendar,  Prev: To Other Calendar,  Up: Other Calendars

Converting From Other Calendars
-------------------------------

   You can move to dates that you specify on the Commercial, Julian,
astronomical, Hebrew, Islamic, or French calendars:

`g c'
     Move to a date specified in the ISO commercial calendar
     (`calendar-goto-iso-date').

`g j'
     Move to a date specified in the Julian calendar
     (`calendar-goto-julian-date').

`g a'
     Move to a date specified in astronomical (Julian) day number
     (`calendar-goto-astro-day-number').

`g h'
     Move to a date specified in the Hebrew calendar
     (`calendar-goto-hebrew-date').

`g i'
     Move to a date specified in the Islamic calendar
     (`calendar-goto-islamic-date').

`g f'
     Move to a date specified in the French Revolutionary calendar
     (`calendar-goto-french-date').

   These commands ask you for a date on the other calendar, move point
to the Gregorian calendar date equivalent to that date, and display the
other calendar's date in the echo area.  Emacs uses strict completion
(*note Completion::.) whenever it asks you to type a month name, so you
don't have to worry about the spelling of Hebrew, Islamic, or French
names.

   One common question concerning the Hebrew calendar is the computation
of the anniversary of a date of death, called a "yahrzeit."  The Emacs
calendar includes a facility for such calculations.  If you are in the
calendar, the command `M-x list-yahrzeit-dates' asks you for a range of
years and then displays a list of the yahrzeit dates for those years
for the date given by point.  If you are not in the calendar, this
command first asks you for the date of death and the range of years,
and then displays the list of yahrzeit dates.


File: emacs,  Node: Mayan Calendar,  Prev: From Other Calendar,  Up: Other Calendars

Converting from the Mayan Calendar
----------------------------------

   Here are the commands to select dates based on the Mayan calendar:

`g m l'
     Move to a date specified by the long count calendar
     (`calendar-goto-mayan-long-count-date').

`g m p t'
     Move to the previous occurrence of a place in the tzolkin calendar
     (`calendar-previous-tzolkin-date').

`g m n t'
     Move to the next occurrence of a place in the tzolkin calendar
     (`calendar-next-tzolkin-date').

`g m p h'
     Move to the previous occurrence of a place in the haab calendar
     (`calendar-previous-haab-date').

`g m n h'
     Move to the next occurrence of a place in the haab calendar
     (`calendar-next-haab-date').

`g m p c'
     Move to the previous occurrence of a place in the calendar round
     (`calendar-previous-calendar-round-date').

`g m n c'
     Move to the next occurrence of a place in the calendar round
     (`calendar-next-calendar-round-date').

   To understand these commands, you need to understand the Mayan
calendars.  The "long count" is a counting of days with these units:

     1 kin = 1 day   1 uinal = 20 kin   1 tun = 18 uinal
     1 katun = 20 tun   1 baktun = 20 katun

Thus, the long count date 12.16.11.16.6 means 12 baktun, 16 katun, 11
tun, 16 uinal, and 6 kin.  The Emacs calendar can handle Mayan long
count dates as early as 7.17.18.13.1, but no earlier.  When you use the
`g m l' command, type the Mayan long count date with the baktun, katun,
tun, uinal, and kin separated by periods.

   The Mayan tzolkin calendar is a cycle of 260 days formed by a pair of
independent cycles of 13 and 20 days.  Since this cycle repeats
endlessly, Emacs provides commands to move backward and forward to the
previous or next point in the cycle.  Type `g m p t' to go to the
previous tzolkin date; Emacs asks you for a tzolkin date and moves point
to the previous occurrence of that date.  Similarly, type `g m n t' to
go to the next occurrence of a tzolkin date.

   The Mayan haab calendar is a cycle of 365 days arranged as 18 months
of 20 days each, followed a 5-day monthless period.  Like the tzolkin
cycle, this cycle repeats endlessly, and there are commands to move
backward and forward to the previous or next point in the cycle.  Type
`g m p h' to go to the previous haab date; Emacs asks you for a haab
date and moves point to the previous occurrence of that date.
Similarly, type `g m n h' to go to the next occurrence of a haab date.

   The Maya also used the combination of the tzolkin date and the haab
date.  This combination is a cycle of about 52 years called a *calendar
round*.  If you type `g m p c', Emacs asks you for both a haab and a
tzolkin date and then moves point to the previous occurrence of that
combination.  Use `g m p c' to move point to the next occurrence of a
combination.  Emacs signals an error if the haab/tzolkin date you have
typed is impossible.

   Emacs uses strict completion (*note Completion::.) whenever it asks
you to type a Mayan name, so you don't have to worry about spelling.


File: emacs,  Node: Diary,  Next: Appointments,  Prev: Other Calendars,  Up: Calendar/Diary

The Diary
=========

   The Emacs diary keeps track of appointments or other events on a
daily basis, in conjunction with the calendar.  To use the diary
feature, you must first create a "diary file" containing a list of
events and their dates.  Then Emacs can automatically pick out and
display the events for today, for the immediate future, or for any
specified date.

   By default, Emacs uses `~/diary' as the diary file.  This is the
same file that the `calendar' utility uses.  A sample `~/diary' file is:

     12/22/1988 Twentieth wedding anniversary!!
     &1/1. Happy New Year!
     10/22 Ruth's birthday.
     * 21, *: Payday
     Tuesday--weekly meeting with grad students at 10am
              Supowit, Shen, Bitner, and Kapoor to attend.
     1/13/89 Friday the thirteenth!!
     &thu 4pm squash game with Lloyd.
     mar 16 Dad's birthday
     April 15, 1989 Income tax due.
     &* 15 time cards due.

   Although you probably will start by creating a diary manually, Emacs
provides a number of commands to let you view, add, and change diary
entries.

* Menu:

* Diary Commands::         Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
* Format of Diary File::   Entering events in your diary.
* Date Formats::       Various ways you can specify dates.
* Adding to Diary::       Commands to create diary entries.
* Special Diary Entries::  Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.


File: emacs,  Node: Diary Commands,  Next: Format of Diary File,  Up: Diary

Commands Displaying Diary Entries
---------------------------------

   Once you have created a `~/diary' file, you can view it from within
the calendar.  You can also view today's events outside of Calendar
mode.

`d'
     Display any diary entries for the selected date
     (`view-diary-entries').

`s'
     Display entire diary file (`show-all-diary-entries').

`m'
     Mark all visible dates that have diary entries
     (`mark-diary-entries').

`u'
     Unmark calendar window (`calendar-unmark').

`M-x print-diary-entries'
     Print hard copy of the diary display as it appears.

`M-x diary'
     Display any diary entries for today's date.

   Displaying the diary entries with `d' shows in a separate window the
diary entries for the selected date in the calendar.  The mode line of
the new window shows the date of the diary entries and any holidays
that fall on that date.

   If you specify a numeric argument with `d', it shows all the diary
entries for that many successive days.  Thus, `2 d' displays all the
entries for the selected date and for the following day.

   To get a broader view of which days are mentioned in the diary, use
the `m' command.  This places a `+' after each date which has a diary
entry.  The command applies both to the currently visible months and to
other months that subsequently become visible by scrolling.  To turn
marking off and erase the current marks, type `u', which also turns off
holiday marks (*note Holidays::.).

   To see the full diary file, rather than just some of the entries, use
the `s' command.

   Display of selected diary entries uses the selective display feature
to hide entries that don't apply.  This is the same feature that Outline
mode uses to show part of an outline (*note Outline Mode::.).  The diary
buffer as you see it is an illusion, so simply printing the buffer does
not print what you see on your screen.

   There is a special command to print hard copy of the diary buffer
*as it appears*; this command is `M-x print-diary-entries'.  It sends
the data directly to the printer.  You can customize it like
`lpr-region' (*note Hardcopy::.).

   The command `M-x diary' displays the diary entries for the current
date, independently of the calendar display, and optionally for the next
few days as well; the variable `number-of-diary-entries' specifies how
many days to include.  *Note Calendar/Diary Options:
(elisp)Calendar/Diary Options.

   If you put `(diary)' in your `.emacs' file, this automatically
displays a window with the day's diary entries, when you enter Emacs.
The mode line of the displayed window shows the date and any holidays
that fall on that date.


File: emacs,  Node: Format of Diary File,  Next: Date Formats,  Prev: Diary Commands,  Up: Diary

The Diary File
--------------

   Your "diary file" is a file that records events associated with
particular dates.  The name of the diary file is specified by the
variable `diary-file'; `~/diary' is the default.  You can use the same
file for the `calendar' utility program, since its formats are a subset
of the ones allowed by the Emacs diary facilities.

   Each entry in the diary file describes one event and consists of one
or more lines.  An entry always begins with a date specification at the
left margin.  The rest of the entry is simply text to describe the
event.  If the entry has more than one line, then the lines after the
first must begin with whitespace to indicate they continue a previous
entry.  Lines that do not begin with valid dates and do not continue a
preceding entry are ignored.

   You can inhibit the marking of certain diary entries in the calendar
window; to do this, insert an ampersand (`&') at the beginning of the
entry, before the date.  This has no effect on display of the entry in
the diary window; it affects only marks on dates in the calendar
window.  Nonmarking entries are especially useful for generic entries
that would otherwise mark many different dates.

   If the first line of a diary entry consists only of the date or day
name with no following blanks or punctuation, then the diary window
display doesn't include that line; only the continuation lines appear.
For example:

     02/11/1989
           Bill B. visits Princeton today
           2pm Cognitive Studies Committee meeting
           2:30-5:30 Liz at Lawrenceville
           4:00pm Dentist appt
           7:30pm Dinner at George's
           8:00-10:00pm concert

appears in the diary window without the date line at the beginning.
This style of entry looks neater when you display just a single day's
entries, but can cause confusion if you ask for more than one day's
entries.

   You can edit the diary entries as they appear in the window, but it
is important to remember that the buffer displayed contains the *entire*
diary file, with portions of it concealed from view.  This means, for
instance, that the `C-f' (`forward-char') command can put point at what
appears to be the end of the line, but what is in reality the middle of
some concealed line.

   *Be careful when editing the diary entries!*  Inserting additional
lines or adding/deleting characters in the middle of a visible line
cannot cause problems, but editing at the end of a line may not do what
you expect.  Deleting a line may delete other invisible entries that
follow it.  Before editing the diary, it is best to display the entire
file with `s' (`show-all-diary-entries').


File: emacs,  Node: Date Formats,  Next: Adding to Diary,  Prev: Format of Diary File,  Up: Diary

Date Formats
------------

   Here are some sample diary entries, illustrating different ways of
formatting a date.  The examples all show dates in American order
(month, day, year), but Calendar mode supports European order (day,
month, year) as an option.

     4/20/93  Switch-over to new tabulation system
     apr. 25  Start tabulating annual results
     4/30  Results for April are due
     */25  Monthly cycle finishes
     Friday  Don't leave without backing up files

   The first entry appears only once, on April 20, 1993.  The second and
third appear every year on the specified dates, and the fourth uses a
wildcard (asterisk) for the month, so it appears on the 25th of every
month.  The final entry appears every week on Friday.

   You can use just numbers to express a date, as in `MONTH/DAY' or
`MONTH/DAY/YEAR'.  This must be followed by a nondigit.  In the date
itself, MONTH and DAY are numbers of one or two digits.  YEAR is a
number and may be abbreviated to the last two digits; that is, you can
use `11/12/1989' or `11/12/89'.

   Dates can also have the form `MONTHNAME DAY' or `MONTHNAME DAY,
YEAR', where the month's name can be spelled in full or abbreviated to
three characters (with or without a period).  Case is not significant.

   A date may be "generic", or partially unspecified.  Then the entry
applies to all dates that match the specification.  If the date does not
contain a year, it is generic and applies to any year.  Alternatively,
MONTH, DAY, or YEAR can be a `*'; this matches any month, day, or year,
respectively.  Thus, a diary entry `3/*/*' matches any day in March of
any year; so does `march *'.

   If you prefer the European style of writing dates--in which the day
comes before the month--type `M-x european-calendar' while in the
calendar, or set the variable `european-calendar-style' to `t' *before*
using any calendar or diary command.  This mode interprets all dates in
the diary in the European manner, and also uses European style for
displaying diary dates.  (Note that there is no comma after the
MONTHNAME in the European style.)  To go back to the (default) American
style of writing dates, type `M-x american-calendar'.

   You can use the name of a day of the week as a generic date which
applies to any date falling on that day of the week.  You can abbreviate
the day of the week to three letters (with or without a period) or spell
it in full; case is not significant.


File: emacs,  Node: Adding to Diary,  Next: Special Diary Entries,  Prev: Date Formats,  Up: Diary

Commands to Add to the Diary
----------------------------

   While in the calendar, there are several commands to create diary
entries:

`i d'
     Add a diary entry for the selected date (`insert-diary-entry').

`i w'
     Add a diary entry for the selected day of the week
     (`insert-weekly-diary-entry').

`i m'
     Add a diary entry for the selected day of the month
     (`insert-monthly-diary-entry').

`i y'
     Add a diary entry for the selected day of the year
     (`insert-yearly-diary-entry').

   You can make a diary entry for a specific date by selecting that date
in the calendar window and typing the `i d' command.  This command
displays the end of your diary file in another window and inserts the
date; you can then type the rest of the diary entry.

   If you want to make a diary entry that applies to a specific day of
the week, select that day of the week (any occurrence will do) and type
`i w'.  This inserts the day-of-week as a generic date; you can then
type the rest of the diary entry.

   You can make a monthly diary entry in the same fashion.  Select the
day of the month, use the `i m' command, and type rest of the entry.
Similarly, you can insert a yearly diary entry with the `i y' command.

   All of the above commands make marking diary entries.  If you want
the diary entry to be nonmarking, give a prefix argument to the command.
For example, `C-u i w' makes a nonmarking, weekly diary entry.

   When you modify the diary file, be sure to save the file before
exiting Emacs.


File: emacs,  Node: Special Diary Entries,  Prev: Adding to Diary,  Up: Diary

Special Diary Entries
---------------------

   In addition to entries based on calendar dates, your diary file can
contain "special entries" for regular events such as anniversaries.
These entries are based on Lisp expressions (sexps) that Emacs evaluates
as it scans the diary file.  Instead of a date, a special entry contains
`%%' followed by a Lisp expression which must begin and end with
parentheses.  The Lisp expression determines which dates the entry
applies to.

   Calendar mode provides commands to insert certain commonly used
special entries:

`i a'
     Add an anniversary diary entry for the selected date
     (`insert-anniversary-diary-entry').

`i b'
     Add a block diary entry for the current region
     (`insert-block-diary-entry').

`i c'
     Add a cyclic diary entry starting at the date
     (`insert-cyclic-diary-entry').

   If you want to make a diary entry that applies to the anniversary of
a specific date, move point to that date and use the `i a' command.
This displays the end of your diary file in another window and inserts
the anniversary description; you can then type the rest of the diary
entry.  The entry looks like this:

     %%(diary-anniversary 10 31 1948) Arthur's birthday

This entry applies to October 31 in any year after 1948; `10 31 1948'
specifies the date.  (If you are using the European calendar style, the
month and day are interchanged.)  The reason this expression requires a
beginning year is that advanced diary functions can use it to calculate
the number of elapsed years.

   You can make a diary entry entry for a block of dates by setting the
mark at the date at one end of the block, moving point to the date at
the other end of the block, and using the `i b' command.  This command
causes the end of your diary file to be displayed in another window and
the block description to be inserted; you can then type the diary
entry.  Here is a block diary entry that applies to all dates from June
24, 1990 through July 10, 1990:

     %%(diary-block 6 24 1990 7 10 1990) Vacation

The `6 24 1990' indicates the starting date and the `7 10 1990'
indicates the stopping date.  (Again, if you are using the European
calendar style, the month and day are interchanged.)

   "Cyclic" diary entries repeat after a fixed interval of days.  To
create one, select the starting date and use the `i c' command.  The
command prompts for the length of interval, then inserts the entry.  It
looks like this:

     %%(diary-cyclic 50 3 1 1990) Renew medication

which applies to March 1, 1990 and every 50th day following; `3 1 1990'
specifies the starting date.  (If you are using the European calendar
style, the month and day are interchanged.)

   All three of the these commands make marking diary entries.  If you
want the diary entry to be nonmarking, give a numeric argument to the
command.  For example, `C-u i a' makes a nonmarking anniversary diary
entry.

   Marking sexp diary entries in the calendar is *extremely*
time-consuming, since every date visible in the calendar window must be
individually checked.  So it's a good idea to make sexp diary entries
nonmarking (with `&') when possible.

   Another sophisticated kind of sexp entry, a "floating" diary entry,
specifies a regularly-occurring event by offsets specified in days,
weeks, and months.  It is comparable to a crontab entry interpreted by
the `cron' utility.  Here is a nonmarking, floating diary entry that
applies to the last Thursday in November:

     &%%(diary-float 11 4 -1) American Thanksgiving

The 11 specifies November (the eleventh month), the 4 specifies Thursday
(the fourth day of the week, where Sunday is numbered zero), and the -1
specifies "last" (1 would mean "first", 2 would mean "second", -2 would
mean "second-to-last", and so on).  The month can be a single month or
a list of months.  Thus you could change the 11 above to `'(1 2 3)' and
have the entry apply to the last Thursday of January, February, and
March.  If the month is `t', the entry applies to all months of the
year.

   Most generally, special diary entries can perform arbitrary
computations to determine when they apply.  *Note Sexp Diary Entries:
(elisp)Sexp Diary Entries.


File: emacs,  Node: Appointments,  Next: Daylight Savings,  Prev: Diary,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Appointments
============

   If you have a diary entry for an appointment, and that diary entry
begins with a recognizable time of day, Emacs can warn you, several
minutes beforehand, that that appointment is pending.  Emacs alerts you
to the appointment by displaying a message in the mode line.

   To enable appointment notification, you must enable the time display
feature of Emacs, `M-x display-time' (*note Mode Line::.).  You must
also add the function `appt-make-list' to the `diary-display-hook',
like this:

     (add-hook 'diary-display-hook 'appt-make-list)

   With these preparations done, when you display the diary (either with
the `d' command in the calendar window or with the `M-x diary'
command), it sets up an appointment list of all the diary entries found
with recognizable times of day, and reminds you just before each of
them.

   For example, if you the diary file contains these lines:

     Monday
       9:30am Coffee break
      12:00pm Lunch

Then on Mondays, after you have displayed the diary, you will be
reminded at 9:20am about your coffee break and at 11:50am about lunch.

   Diary entries can have the time in the conventional American style,
or in "military" style.  You need not be consistent; your diary file can
have a mixture of the two styles.

   Emacs updates the appointments list automatically just after
midnight.  This also displays the next days' diary entries in the diary
buffer, unless you set `appt-display-diary' to `nil'.

   You can also use the appointment notification facility like an alarm
clock.  The command `M-x appt-add' adds entries to the appointment list
without affecting your diary file.  You delete entries from the
appointment list with `M-x appt-delete'.

   You can turn off the appointment notification feature at any time by
setting `appt-issue-message' to `nil'.


File: emacs,  Node: Daylight Savings,  Prev: Appointments,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Daylight Savings Time
=====================

   Emacs understands the difference between standard time and daylight
savings time--the times given for sunrise, sunset, solstices,
equinoxes, and the phases of the moon take that into account.  The rules
for daylight savings time vary from place to place and have also varied
historically from year to year.  To do the job properly, Emacs needs to
know which rules to use.

   Some operating systems keep track of the rules that apply to the
place where you are; on these systems, Emacs gets the information it
needs from the system automatically.  If some or all of this
information is missing, Emacs fills in the gaps with the rules
currently used in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  If the resulting rules are
not what you want, you can tell Emacs the rules to use by setting
certain variables.

   These values should be Lisp expressions that refer to the variable
`year', and evaluate to the Gregorian date on which daylight savings
time starts or (respectively) ends, in the form of a list `(MONTH DAY
YEAR)'.  The values should be `nil' if your area does not use daylight
savings time.

   Emacs uses these expressions to determine the starting date of
daylight savings time for the holiday list and for correcting times of
day in the solar and lunar calculations.

   The values for Cambridge, Massachusetts are as follows:

     (calendar-nth-named-day 1 0 4 year)
     (calendar-nth-named-day -1 0 10 year)

i.e. the first 0th day (Sunday) of the fourth month (April) in the year
specified by `year', and the last Sunday of the tenth month (October)
of that year.  If daylight savings time were changed to start on
October 1, you would set `calendar-daylight-savings-starts' to this:

     (list 10 1 year)

   If there is no daylight savings time at your location, or if you want
all times in standard time, set `calendar-daylight-savings-starts' and
`calendar-daylight-savings-ends' to `nil'.

   This variable specifies the difference between daylight savings time
and standard time, measured in minutes.  The value for Cambridge is 60.

   These variables specify is the number of minutes after midnight
local time when the transition to and from daylight savings time should
occur.  For Cambridge, both variables' values are 120.


File: emacs,  Node: GNUS,  Next: Sorting,  Prev: Calendar/Diary,  Up: Top

GNUS
====

   GNUS is an Emacs subsystem for reading and responding to netnews.
You can use GNUS to browse through news groups, look at summaries of
articles in specific group, and read articles of interest.  You can
respond to authors or write replies to all the readers of a news group.

   This section introduces GNUS and describes several basic features.
Full documentation will appear elsewhere.

   To start GNUS, type `M-x gnus RET'.

* Menu:

* Buffers of GNUS::   The Newsgroups, Summary and Article buffers.
* GNUS Startup::      What you should know about starting GNUS.
* Summary of GNUS::   A short description of the basic GNUS commands.


File: emacs,  Node: Buffers of GNUS,  Next: GNUS Startup,  Up: GNUS

GNUS's Three Buffers
--------------------

   GNUS creates and uses three Emacs buffers, each with its own
particular purpose and its own major mode.

   The "Newsgroup buffer" contains a list of newsgroups.  This is the
first buffer that GNUS displays when it starts up.  Normally the list
contains only the newsgroups to which you subscribe (which are listed in
your `.newsrc' file) and which contain unread articles.  Use this
buffer to select a specific newsgroup.

   The "Summary buffer" lists the articles in a single newsgroup,
including their subjects, their numbers, and who posted them.  GNUS
creates a Summary buffer for a newsgroup when you select the group in
the Newsgroup buffer.  Use this buffer to select an article, and to move
around in an article.

   The "Article buffer" displays the text of an article.  You rarely
need to select this buffer because you can read the text while keeping
the Summary buffer selected.